Causes:

• Primary Headaches: Migraines, tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches are caused by overactivity of pain-sensitive structures.
• Secondary Headaches: Result from underlying conditions such as infections, head injuries, or vascular disorders.
• Triggers: Stress, hormonal fluctuations, dietary factors, and sleep irregularities often exacerbate headaches.

Diagnosis:

• Clinical History: A headache diary helps identify patterns and triggers.
• Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans rule out serious causes like tumors or aneurysms.
• Neurological Examination: Focuses on motor, sensory, and reflex responses to identify associated abnormalities.

Treatment:

• Symptomatic Relief: Painkillers like NSAIDs, triptans, or ergotamines.
• Preventative Measures: Beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, or antidepressants for chronic headache sufferers.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Stress management, hydration, regular sleep patterns, and avoiding triggers.
• Complementary Therapies: Acupuncture, yoga, and biofeedback techniques can help reduce headache frequency and severity.